ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo analyze the multimorbidity and comorbid disease patterns among middle-aged and older adults aged 50 years and above in China and to study the prevalence， regional distribution， and relationship with health-related outcomes of major comorbid disease patterns. MethodsThe fourth national follow-up data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study （CHARLS） 2018 was used， including 13 774 respondents aged 50 years and older from 28 provincial units. We analyzed 14 patient-reported physician-diagnosed chronic diseases and multimorbidity combinations， reported prevalence， composition ratio， and regional distribution. Differences in health loss and risk factors between high morbidity groups were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. ResultsThe prevalence of multimorbidities among participants was 57.3%. The single disease with high prevalence included arthritis/rheumatism （6.47%）， hypertension （5.41%）， and gastric and digestive disorders （4.17%）； the binary multimorbidity combinations were arthritis + digestive disorders （3.06%）， arthritis + hypertension （2.61%）， and hypertension + hyperlipidemia （1.39%）； the triadic combinations were hypertension + digestive disorders + joint disorders （1.00%）. The prevalence of multimorbidity varied greatly between provinces， showing the characteristics of high in the west and north but low in the east and south China. Significant differences in the health loss caused by different multimorbidity combinations were noted， with the highest ADL loss （28.51%） and depression （77.68%） caused by the arthritis multimorbidity combinations （P<0.01）. The number of chronic diseases （OR=6.71， P<0.01）， age （OR=1.96， P<0.01）， and heavy alcohol consumption were comorbid risk factors for physical and mental health； exercise （OR=0.44， P<0.01） and sleep （OR=0.89， P<0.01） were protective factors for physical and mental health， and smoking cessation （OR=0.76， P<0.01） contributed to the relief of anxiety. ConclusionsThe prevalence of comorbid patterns showed a high clustering trend， and the health loss caused by major patterns varied greatly. Relevant health intervention strategies should prioritize the major multimorbidity combinations for targeted disease management and rehabilitation services.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the current situation of job involvement of nurses in military hospitals in Henan Province and analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide reference for improving the level of job involvement of military nurses. Methods: In February 2022, the employed nurses of 4 military hospitals in Henan Province were investigated by convenient sampling method. A total of 663 questionnaires were collected, including 632 valid questionnaires, with an effective recovery rate of 95.32%. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic information of nurses, the Job Involvement Scale was used to investigate the job involvement of nurses, the Emotional Labor Scale for Nurses was used to investigate nurses' emotions, and the Work-Family Conflict Scale was used to investigate the work-family conflict of nurses. Independent sample t-test and univariate analysis of variance were used to compare the job involvement of military employed nurses with different demographic characteristics, Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between emotional labor, work-family conflict and job involvement, and hierarchical regression analysis was used to explore the impact of relevant variables on the job involvement of military employed nurses. Results: The total average score of job involvement of military employed nurses was (3.68±1.13), and the scores of vitality, dedication and focus were (3.64±1.15), (3.74±1.25) and (3.67±1.21) respectively. The total score of emotional labor of nurses was 33-80 (62.95±8.12), with an average score of (3.93±0.51). The total score of work-family conflict was 18-94 (55.16±13.53), with an average score of (3.06±0.75). Professional emotional regulation, patient-centered emotional inhibition and standardized emotional play were positively related to the job involvement (r=0.46, 0.41, 0.22, P<0.01). Time-based conflict, stress-based conflict and behavior-based conflict had negative correlation with the job involvement (r=-0.12, -0.23, -0.20, P<0.01). In hierarchical regression analysis, after controlling demographic variables, emotional labor and work-family conflict accounted for 17.2% and 4.2% of the variation of job involvement. Conclusion: The job involvement of military employed nurses tends to be at a moderate level. Emotional labor and work-family conflict can significantly affect their job involvement.
Subject(s)
Humans , United States , Hospitals, Military , Family Conflict , Surveys and Questionnaires , Regression Analysis , Nurses , Job SatisfactionABSTRACT
Auditory function in vertebrates depends on the transduction of sound vibrations into electrical signals by inner ear hair cells. In general, hearing loss resulting from hair cell damage is irreversible because the human ear has been considered to be incapable of regenerating or repairing these sensory elements following severe injury. Therefore, regeneration and protection of inner ear hair cells have become an exciting, rapidly evolving field of research during the last decade. However, mammalian auditory hair cells are few in number, experimentally inaccessible, and barely proliferate postnatally in vitro. Various in vitro primary culture systems of inner ear hair cells have been established by different groups, although many challenges remain unresolved. Here, we briefly explain the structure of the inner ear, summarize the published methods of in vitro hair cell cultures, and propose a feasible protocol for culturing these cells, which gave satisfactory results in our study. A better understanding of in vitro hair cell cultures will substantially facilitate research involving auditory functions, drug development, and the isolation of critical molecules involved in hair cell biology.